幽默与激将：《论语》“侍坐”章孔子问志的教化哲学及启示

• 作者： 石超 ¹ 樊佳琳 ¹
• 作者单位：
  1.  中国石油大学（华东）
• 通讯作者： 石超 
• 发布时间：2025-04-22

摘要: 《论语》“侍坐”章开篇的孔子问志场景蕴含着丰富的教育理念与方法，对于其中突出刻画的幽默意蕴进行创新性解读，有助于系统阐释孔子的教育家形象，进而可以看作是对教育家精神的传统文化资源之开发。通过对原典文本的详细考辨，可以得出以下新解：“侍坐”章言志之事最有可能发生在孔子六十九岁左右；首句四子侍坐的位序排列并非简单的场景铺陈，而是严循古礼长幼之节，反映出儒家对礼仪规范的重视；“以吾一日长乎尔”中的“一日”并非时间意义上的实指与谦虚，而是孔子借助夸张幽默的语言消解师生年龄差距所产生的权威壁垒，进而营造和谐放松的论志氛围；“毋吾以也”当解为“毋因吾而止”，凸显了孔子鼓励学生畅所欲言的教学智慧；“则何以哉”应解为“则以何使人知尔哉”，是善意调侃式地引导学生发言的语言策略，其中亦贯穿着幽默、激将的意蕴。整体来看，“侍坐”章以孔门师徒五人“问志—述志—评志”为脉络，将“为国以礼”的主线贯穿其中。在这一过程中，孔子以幽默调侃化解权威压制，以循循善诱激发深入思辨，以双向对话代替单向灌输，这样一种教学范式生动诠释了原始儒家的教化哲学，并与当下所提倡的教育家精神遥相契合，可为现代教育实践提供宝贵的经验借鉴。

Abstract: The opening three sentences of the chapter “Sitting in Attendance” in The Analects embody rich educational concepts and methods. An innovative interpretation of the highlighted humorous implications in this scene helps systematically explain the image of Confucius as an educator, which can be seen as an exploration of traditional cultural resources related to the spirit of educators.Through meticulous philological analysis, a new textual reconstruction reveals that the aspiration-eliciting dialogue in this chapter most plausibly occurred when Confucius was around sixty-nine years old. The seating order of the four disciples in the first sentence is not a simple scene description, but strictly follows the ancient etiquette of senior-junior hierarchy, reflecting the Confucian emphasis on ritual norms.The phrase “one day” in “I am slightly older than you（以吾一日长乎尔）” is neither a literal temporal reference nor a modest expression, but rather a humorous exaggeration employed by Confucius to dismantle the authoritative barrier created by age differences, thus creating a harmonious and relaxed atmosphere for discussing aspirations. “Wu wu yi ye（毋吾以也）” should be interpreted as “Do not hold back because of me”, highlighting Confucius’ pedagogical wisdom in encouraging students to speak freely. “Ze he yi zai（则何以哉）” should be understood as “how would you make yourselves known” , which is a language strategy of kindly teasing to guide students to speak, and also contains the implications of humor and goading. Overall, this chapter follows the narrative thread of “inquiring aspirations—stating aspirations—evaluating aspirations” among Confucius and his four disciples, with the theme of “governing the state through ritual（为国以礼）” running through it. In this process, Confucius employs humor to dissolve authoritative pressure, guides students through gentle persuasion to stimulate critical thinking, and replaces one-way indoctrination with bidirectional dialogue. This pedagogical paradigm vividly interprets the educational philosophy of the primitive Confucianism and closely aligns with the spirit of educators advocated nowadays.  It can provide valuable experiential insights for modern educational practices.

• 来自： 石超
• 分类： 哲学 >> 中国哲学
• 稿件状态： 未投稿
• 引用： PSSXiv:202504.02594 (或此版本 PSSXiv:202504.02594V1)
  DOI:10.12451/202504.02594
  CSTR:32012.36.PSSXiv.202504.02594
• 推荐引用方式： 石超,樊佳琳.幽默与激将：《论语》“侍坐”章孔子问志的教化哲学及启示.哲学社会科学预印本平台:https://zsyyb.cn/abs/202504.02594.[PSSXiv:202504.02594V1] (点此复制)